What Are Different Types of Tests for Microservices?

Thorough, accurate, and efficient methods of testing microservices are essential in today’s Internet and mobile app-oriented world. In this piece, we look at:

• What do microservices do?
• How they do it.
• The different types of microservices software testing available.

Microservices Overview

When a person interacts with a website or uses an app, numerous functions operate “below the surface.” When purchasing a product on Amazon, for example, you shop for the item, looking at price, size, color, and other options. Then make your selection and move to the checkout area.

From there, you choose delivery and payment options and finally complete the transaction. All the while, numerous microservices are operating. This includes your customer interaction but also the complex programming that is running unseen on the app or website, making the transaction seem seamless and easy.

Architecture

Microservices is a programming architecture that allows developers to design flexible, highly scalable applications, such as the above example but also facilitating businesses and industries like healthcare, finance, insurance, telecommunications, IoT, and AI apps. This method decomposes an application, breaking it down into separate services (microservices) that execute specific functions.

Each microservice performs and connects with others, and communicates with them, using standard APIs (application programming interfaces). This allows developers to write services on various technologies using different languages. Thus, microservices are flexible and scalable. Furthermore, each microservice has a specific job to do and is therefore small and relatively simple. (The term microservice refers to the service’s singular function, not to its physical size.)

Developers like to use microservices architecture because of its modular characteristics, which makes it easier than monolithic architecture to develop and test. The widespread use of function-as-a-service and cloud-native, serverless deployments like Microsoft Azure Cloud Functions and AWS Lambda have created the ideal environment for microservices to thrive in today’s IT world. Microservices in these deployments allow for agility and faster delivery times.

In some ways, microservices, which incidentally have roots in monolithic architecture, came about in response to a need to address highly erratic user traffic. When developers partition application functions into separate services, the functions shrink or grow as needed to help ensure that enough processing power is available. This can get complicated when the application develops a constantly changing, dynamic network terrain of its own. As a result, rigorous functional testing is required.

Is Microservices Testing Complex?

Microservices testing can be complicated. With the proper testing tools, knowledge, and approach, it can be made less so. Let’s look at some of the elements that can make microservices testing complex.

The Approach

In many respects, automatic testing of microservices is like the testing approach for applications that software developers have built on traditional architectures. Microservices employ familiar technologies like REST and message brokers for which software writers already use best practices and well-established testing tools during software development.

The special challenge that microservices present is the large number of services that comprise an application. Plus the fact that microservices are interdependent. An additional consideration is that these services must remain functioning even when other services they depend on are not available or do not respond properly.

Main Microservices Testing Types

Microservices software tests assure that the microservices do what they’re supposed to do in an efficient and timely manner. Industry-wide, the three main types of software testing for microservices are:

• Functional testing for testing the business logic and behavior of the service. This is more complicated than testing in a traditional monolithic architecture because microservices do not have a UI for easy testing. The interface to be tested represents some type of remote client communicating over HTTP or some other protocol.
• Load testing for exposing areas of the application that are not designed properly and can cause crashes from high traffic volume. In microservices, each call to a service travels the network, which means other activity on the network can affect response times.
• Resiliency testing to find out how the software reacts to potential infrastructure failures. For instance, if a server running a specific service is not available, if it crashes, or if part of a network stops passing traffic. In these cases, the developer must test to determine if the microservices application can continue to run at endpoints and elsewhere.

Specific Types of Microservices Tests

When a developer needs to test the system, she or he can do so relatively easily because the microservices are separate, even though they work together. By contrast, when programmers build services on monoliths or monolithic architecture, the application code is inextricably linked, making testing difficult and slow.

To accomplish the basic tests mentioned above, developers employ the below.

Unit Testing

An often overlooked practice when testing microservices is unit testing. What are unit tests? These tests verify that the methods and classes developers write work as expected. While unit testing is a highly technical task for developers, a robust suite of unit tests provides a critical safety net for catching unintended consequences when developers change the code. And it pays dividends in alerting developers to exactly where in the code they’ve broken existing functionality.

This is a valuable practice for writing high-quality software. However, unit testing by itself isn’t enough. As an analogy, just because all the parts of an engine are machined to perfect specification doesn’t mean the engine will run and perform as expected.

Component Testing

This microservices testing does not concentrate on how the developer wrote the microservices code but instead focuses on running the microservice as a black box and testing the traffic moving over the interface. From the perspective of a single microservice, you’re now testing the engine to ensure it’s delivering on its requirements.

In most cases, you’re testing a REST service. So you want automated tests that act as clients of the service, sending various positive and negative requests to the service and verifying the responses that the service returns.

One challenge is that it can be complex and difficult to test microservices in isolation because they often call many other microservices in order to reply to your test client’s request. To test one microservice, you potentially need dozens more deployed and available for your microservice to talk to test it properly.

Service virtualization tools come to the rescue, allowing testers to simulate other microservices in order to test the microservice in isolation, thus simplifying the test environment and making test automation easier. This may involve stubs and test doubles. Think of service virtualization like hooking up an automobile engine in a lab to an artificial transmission so you can verify that it hooks up properly and delivers the expected power to the rest of the car without actually putting it in a car.

Integration Testing

When using service virtualization to simplify and stabilize testing the microservice as an individual component, you also want to test that the microservice works with the other REAL microservices involved. Developers often do this at a “QA” or “integration” stage, where many of the required systems in the overall ecosystem are deployed and integrated together. With this testing practice, you’re beginning to assemble the car to make sure every part fits and works together but you’re not testing it on the road yet.

End-To-End Testing

Also called system testing. At some point, a big web of microservices has entry points where the application’s end users interact. For example, a Netflix app on your Apple TV talks to microservices within Netflix’s data center. But they represent only a small portion of their core functionality, which are small, individual components responsible for specific things like a recommendations service, a video streaming service, an account details service, and so on. So this, too, is an opportunity for testing microservices.

Often it’s painfully slow and high maintenance to test these interactions automatically, whether web or mobile. For critical paths and user journeys, it’s a must, but being able to represent these complete or end-to-end transactions from the end user perspective as a sequence of microservice calls has many benefits.

You essentially strip away the UI and simulate all the API calls that the UI makes to your microservices architecture so you can verify that all microservices are working together correctly for the larger end user/business requirement context. You’re now driving the car on the road, putting yourself in the shoes of your customers, and ensuring the car delivers on its promises.

Summary Chart for Specific Types of Tests for Microservices

Automated Testing Solutions for Each Type

The automated microservices testing software tools for testing microservices that Parasoft offers address nearly all potential microservices issues.

• Unit testing. Parasoft Jtest has an interactive, automated unit test creation workflow within the developer’s IDE (integrated development environment) that reduces the time investment of unit testing by half. Jtest’s JUnit code generation uses Parasoft’s long history of code-analysis technology to examine the microservice’s Java code and to generate the appropriate mocks (fake versions of external [or internal] services) so the developer can test a particular method or class, isolated from other layers of the code. The ability to mock external dependencies is critical when developers are challenged with achieving high levels of code coverage with their unit tests.
• Component testing. Parasoft SOAtest allows testers to create test clients that send request messages to the microservice and then verify the responses that come back. Parasoft Virtualize is a companion product responsible for service virtualization – simulating an endpoint that behaves like the real thing. Together, SOAtest and Virtualize enable a consistent automation strategy for component tests of microservices.
• Integration testing. SOAtest is Parasoft’s API (“microservices”) testing framework that supports over 120 message formats and protocols. Whether your system’s architecture is modern or legacy, you can easily test its integration points.
• End-to-end/system testing. Parasoft SOAtest has AI technology that analyzes recorded API traffic when users exercise the UI of an application. By taking test plans with which fewer technical testers and business analysts are more familiar and recording the underlying API calls that a program makes, Parasoft bridges the gap between API use and API design. This helps testers streamline the process at the API layer.

Verifying Nonfunctional Requirements

Besides unit and functional microservices testing, it’s important for developers to verify nonfunctional requirements as well. Specifically for security, load, and performance testing while employing the appropriate schema and metrics. Automated microservices testing software from Parasoft is your source for these, also.

Security Testing

Hackers can exploit areas under the microservices umbrella. Therefore, developers need to test microservices thoroughly so they are hardened against security vulnerabilities. Parasoft Jtest has static code analysis technology that scans the underlying source code and identifies secure coding weaknesses so developers can fix them. Parasoft also allows testers to repurpose the functional test cases they’ve written in SOAtest to perform penetration testing of the microservice.

Load and Performance Testing

To make sure the microservice is able to sustain the SLAs (service level agreements), developers need to understand how SLAs perform under load and also determine breaking points.

Parasoft SOAtest includes a module called Load Test that enables the tester to repurpose the functional tests he or she has written and execute them as a Load and Performance Test. This saves time by reusing what testers have already developed instead of “reinventing the wheel” and potentially using multiple tools.

Conclusion

Modern mobile and web UIs are built on top of APIs and herein lies another opportunity to capture API traffic from UI tests to help you drive API scenario testing. These frontend APIs may not be well documented or well tested compared to the core services in your architecture, but that’s even more reason to test them!

APIs have become the bedrock of how organizations deliver functionality to their users quickly. But functionality isn’t the only concern that keeps your management up at night.

Resilience, performance, and security are all nonfunctional requirements that continue to capture the public’s attention with scary headlines. Many organizations have shift-left initiatives to try and reorganize their software delivery process to account for these high priorities. Using a framework that’s well suited to cover both functional and nonfunctional testing without the need to conglomerate half a dozen tools together will cut down on your testing overhead.

Parasoft solutions cover the essential concerns of microservices testing, making software more secure, more efficient, less prone to crashes, and ultimately better in every respect. This can substantially improve workflows and reduce debugging efforts.